七 个 世 界 一 个 星 球
非洲 Africa.
这里拥有世界上最为雄浑壮丽的的野生动物奇观 No continent on Earth today has such spectacular wildlife.
大陆中心是郁郁葱葱的广阔热带雨林 At its heart lies a vast tropical rainforest.
一片占地200多万平方公里的荒野 Over a million square miles of wilderness,
大部分是迄今都无人涉足的 much of it still unexplored...
原始森林 ...even now.
这里野生动植物多样 种类之多 There are more species of animals and plants in these jungles
超过非洲大陆的其它任何地方 than anywhere else on the continent.
但即使是在这片富饶之地 But even in this land of plenty...
野生动物们也面临着许多严峻挑战 ...wildlife now faces major challenges.
非 洲
非洲象牙海岸的森林资源丰富 The forests of the Ivory Coast
解说：大卫·爱登堡
共有1500多种植物 contain over 1,500 species of plant,
但有些很难获得 but some are very difficult to get at...
就连一些最聪明伶俐的动物也只能望洋兴叹 ...even for one of the most intelligent of animals.
黑猩猩 Chimpanzees.
这个族群的长者知道从哪里能找到最有营养的食物 The elders in this group know where to find the most nutritious food
以及如何提取其中的养分 and how to extract it.
年轻幼崽要想长大成年 But if they are to survive to adulthood,
必须跟随父母学习这些生存技能 the youngsters must learn these skills from their parents.
这只年轻雌性黑猩猩今年5岁 This young female is five years old...
这个年纪可以学习一门重要的课程了 ...old enough to be given an important lesson.
这是负责传授知识的老师 And this is her teacher.
也是它的妈妈 Her mother.
课程内容是学习如何打开坚果 The lesson is how to crack a nut.
熟练使用工具是一项复杂的技能 Using tools like this is so complex
所以目前只有少数黑猩猩群体能够掌握 that it has only been mastered by a handful of chimpanzee communities.
这是黑猩猩历经数千年 通过不断实践获得的非凡本领 This is a skill that has been practised by chimps for several thousand years.
可以自己试一下了 Time to try for herself.
她需要找到一个更趁手的工具 She needs to find a better tool.
小石块的撞击力不够大 Small rocks just don't have the clout.
大石头又过于笨重 And larger ones are too cumbersome.
木头看似既轻便又结实 Wood is both light and strong...
但用在这里还不够 ...but not strong enough.
它返回继续观摩学习 Back to teacher.
年轻黑猩猩可能需要将近10年 It may take a young chimp up to a decade to perfect
才能熟练掌握敲碎坚果的技能 the skills it needs for nut-cracking.
但它现在已经掌握了一项本领 But she's already mastered one thing.
当手指够不到果仁时 When her fingers can't reach the nut inside...
它会折下一根树枝 调整到合适大小 ...she strips down a branch to size...
当成勺子用 ...and makes herself a spoon.
它一生中要学习使用许多工具 She'll learn to use many tools in her life...
最终 它会把这些知识 ...and eventually she'll share this knowledge
传授给自己的幼崽 with youngsters of her own,
使它们能够在广阔的雨林家园里尽情享用各种各样的食物资源 enabling them to harvest the riches of their rainforest home.
热带雨林中纷繁多样的动植物令人眼花缭乱 The sheer abundance of life in the rainforests
而东非的物种之多 毫不逊色 is rivalled by that on the eastern side of the continent.
大裂谷是纵贯东非南北的地理奇观 总长近6500公里 The Great Rift Valley runs for 4,000 miles down the length of Africa.
它形成于大约3000万年前 It developed some 30 million years ago,
由于地壳板块运动 一股巨大的熔岩从地下深处喷涌而出 when a giant plume of molten rock pushing up from the depths
导致地壳断裂 cracked the Earth's crust apart.
淡水在大裂谷的谷底位置大量聚集 Fresh water began to accumulate on the floor of this rift...
由此形成了一串链状排列的大小湖泊 ...and a chain of lakes developed.
如今这些湖泊为各种各样的淡水动物 These lakes are now one of the richest freshwater habitats
提供了栖息地 to be found anywhere.
一个独特的鱼类家族 慈鲷在这里繁衍兴盛 One single family of fish here - the cichlids -
它已经进化出1500多个不同种类 has evolved into more than 1,500 different species.
这里仿佛世外桃源一般 This might look like paradise,
其实不同种类的慈鲷之间竞争异常激烈 but competition between these cichlid species is intense.
这片拥挤的水下世界 危机四伏 This crowded world is a dangerous one.
毕竟 幼鱼可是不错的美味 Baby fish, after all, make a tasty meal.
许多慈鲷妈妈进化出一套高效的育儿措施 So, many cichlid mothers have developed a very effective way
来确保幼鱼的安全 of keeping their offspring safe.
它们把大嘴当成移动的育儿所 They use their mouths as a mobile nursery.
—旦遇到危验 慈鲷幼鱼可以一直躲在妈妈嘴里享受庇护 It's a safe haven where the fry can stay until danger has passed.
当危机解除 妈妈会再把幼鱼吐出来 When the coast is clear, she releases them.
这种行为源于慈鲷妈妈 This kind of behaviour starts when the cichlid female
在新产下卵时就会将其含入口中提供保护 picks up her newly laid eggs and holds them in her mouth to keep them safe.
在繁殖期 雄性慈鲷会不断闪动尾部的黄色斑点 During spawning, her mate flashes his yellow tail spots
鼓励雌性持续产卵 to encourage her to keep laying.
当鱼卵产出后 As each batch of eggs emerges,
慈鲷妈妈迅速含起鱼卵 she scoops them up.
但这对慈鲷的举动全部被监视到了 But this couple are being watched...
它就是密点歧须鮠 ...by cuckoo catfish.
密点歧须鮠成群结队地扫荡 They work as a gang
肆意吞食能发现的慈鲷鱼卵 and devour as many cichlid eggs as they can find.
在一片嘈杂和混乱中 Then, in the middle of all this activity,
其中一条密点歧须鮠也开始产卵 one of the catfish also spawns.
慈鲷妈妈匆忙收集着所有鱼卵 The cichlid mother collects every egg she can see.
现在 它要独自静静等待 Now, by herself, she must wait
鱼卵在自己的嘴里发育 while the eggs in her mouth develop.
这需要大概三周时间 It will take three weeks.
慈鲷妈妈在这期间始终不吃不喝 She doesn't eat throughout that entire time.
18天之后 But 18 days later,
好像有情况不太对劲 something is not right.
慈鲷妈妈居然把没有发育成熟的鱼卵直接吐了出来 The female blows out her young before they're fully ready to emerge.
紧接着 它的嘴中赫然出现了密点歧须鮠的幼鱼 And they are followed by young cuckoo catfish...
它们的个头是慈鲷幼鱼的3倍 ...three times the size of her own babies.
它的嘴里可能有多达6条密点歧须鮠 She may have as many as six of them in her mouth.
现在 And now
它们开始狼吞虎咽 抢食慈鲷鱼卵 they begin to eat the cichlid babies.
雌性慈鲷把密点歧须鮠幼鱼当成了自己的亲生孩子 The female cichlid treats the baby catfish as if they were hers.
它们是鱼类中如假包换的“杜鹃” They are truly cuckoos among fish!
曾经鬼斧神工创造出东非大裂谷的自然力量 The forces that created the Great Rift Valley
至今仍在塑造着 continue to shape Africa's landscape
非洲的地貌 even today.
在地壳的许多薄弱地点 炽热的岩浆仍旧在喷涌而出 At weak spots in the Earth's crust, molten rock continues to erupt.
非洲大陆拥有大约200座火山 There are some 200 volcanoes on the continent...
其中许多都是活火山 ...many of them active.
它们可能会带来破坏 They may bring destruction
但最终会是沃土 but also, eventually, fertility.
这是伦盖伊火山 This is Ol Doinyo Lengai.
在过去的40万年里 这座巨型活火山不断喷发火山灰 For the past 400,000 years, ash from this great volcano
铺天盖地般撒落在塞伦盖蒂草原上 has fallen on the surrounding savannas of the Serengeti
滋养着这里的土壤 and greatly enriched them.
这是非洲大陆最好的草场 This is the best grazing on the continent.
广阔的草原上生活着世界上最大的迁徙动物群 On it live the world's largest herds of migrating animals...
反过来它们又供养着各种猎食者 ...and they, in turn, support predators.
这里是肯尼亚 猎豹们形成了不同寻常的捕猎联盟 Here, in Kenya, cheetahs have formed an unusual alliance.
猎豹是最敏捷的猫科动物 通常两三只结伴捕猎 These swiftest of cats usually hunt in groups of two or three.
但这次是五只猎豹搭档 是有记载以来最大的猎豹群体 But this team of five is one of the largest ever recorded.
其中包括两对兄弟 Two sets of brothers
还有一只雄性首领 and a lead male.
最近三年来 它们一直共同生活和捕猎 They have now lived and hunted together for almost three years.
它们团结协作 占据了 By teaming up, they can hold
这片地区的最佳领地 the best territory in the area.
但即便如此 要供养五张嘴 每次捕猎都至关重要 But, even so, with five mouths to feed, every hunt is very important.
它们已经连续三天没有进食了 They haven't eaten for three days.
想获得猎物 它们必须不被觉察地进入距离猎物 To make a kill, they must get within 30 metres of their quarry
30米的范围内 without being detected.
灌木丛遮蔽 Thick cover.
这对它们大有帮助 That will help them.
转角牛羚 几乎有猎豹的3倍大 Topi - nearly three times their size...
它们身体强壮 足以击退一头狮子 ...and quite strong enough to fight off a lion,
更别说一只猎豹了 let alone a single cheetah.
如今在开阔地带 Now out in the open...
每靠近一步 猎豹们的成功几率就增加一分 ...every step the cheetahs take increases their chance of success.
牛羚四散而逃 猎豹分头展开追击 The herd scatter, and the team splits up.
但它们距离目标还不够近 But they didn't get close enough.
它们转而袭击斑马 They switch targets to zebra.
现在猎豹的行踪已经暴露无遗 Everyone now knows that they're here.
它们必须迅速调整捕猎战术 They must devise a different approach.
草原居民密切提防着它们的举动 All eyes are on the brothers.
在开阔地带 它们看上去毫无威胁 Out in the open, they seem to be no threat.
但雄性首领却不见踪影 But the lead male is missing.
四只猎豹负责迷惑敌人 The brothers are decoys.
陷阱已经设置完毕 The trap is set.
其它四只猎豹与雄性首领会合 The other four now join the lead male.
在五只猎豹的联合攻击下 Under the combined weight of five cheetah,
猎物很快丧命 death comes quickly.
今天 非洲草原供养着世界上最大规模的 Today, Africa's savannas support larger herds of big game
大型食草动物群体 than anywhere else in the world.
它们以不同的方式 And they, one way or another,
为各种小型动物提供了食物 provide food for all kinds of smaller creatures.
一只牛椋鸟 An oxpecker.
这种聪明的小鸟拥有独特的进食习性 A resourceful little bird with an unusual diet.
对它们来说 跳蚤和蜱虫等寄生虫 Fleas, ticks and even dandruff are food,
甚至皮屑都是美味 as far as they are concerned.
真是各得所需 Both parties benefit.
牛椋鸟能够饱餐一顿 The oxpecker gets a good meal...
而寄主自己永远也够不到的身体部位也得到了清理 ...and the host is cleaned in those places it could never reach for itself.
每只牛椋鸟每天要吃掉数百只蜱虫 Each bird, every day, collects hundreds of ticks
和成千上万的昆虫幼虫 and thousands of insect larvae.
有些牛椋鸟会更加冒险取食 But some oxpeckers go for rather riskier meals.
河马的领地意识很强 而且凶猛残暴 Hippopotamus are highly territorial and very aggressive...
牛椋鸟在帮助它们清理寄生虫时必须时刻保持警惕 ...so oxpeckers tackling them must always be on their guard.
但它的收获不止于此 But there's much to be gained.
鲜血是最有营养的食物 Blood is the most nutritious meal of all.
它们会不停啄食避免伤口愈合 让血液不断流出 Pecking ensures that cuts remain open and blood keeps flowing.
牛椋鸟一旦发现开放的伤口 And an oxpecker, once it's found an open wound,
便会紧跟不舍 根本不管寄主有多恼火 will stay alongside it, no matter how much that irritates its host.
好处是什么呢 无论境况好坏 The reward? An endless supply of food,
都有源源不断的血液供应 whatever the conditions.
非洲并非处处都是富饶肥沃之地 Not all of Africa is rich and fertile.
这片大陆有三分之一是沙漠 A third of the continent is desert.
这是位于非洲西南的纳米布沙漠 This is the Namib in the southwest.
在沙漠中心 有一处70年前 At its heart, a disused diamond mine
就已经废弃的钻石矿 that was abandoned nearly 70 years ago.
但这里还生活着一位动物居民 But it still has one inhabitant.
它是名副其实的沙漠专家 A desert specialist...
也是非洲难得一见的捕食者之一 ...and one of Africa's rarest predators.
它就是棕鬣狗 The brown hyena.
这座空寂之城成了棕鬣狗的家园 This ghost town is her home.
废墟能保护它免受风吹日晒 Its ruins give her valuable protection from the elements.
这只雌性棕鬣狗已经在这里生活了15年 She has been here for 15 years.
它成功养育了9窝幼崽 She's already reared nine generations of cubs.
这两只年轻幼崽已经步入生命中的关键阶段 These two youngsters have reached a critical stage in their lives.
它们现在四个月大 需要不断获得固体食物 They're four months old, and now they need regular solid food.
但废墟里根本没有可吃的东西 But there is nothing edible in these ruins,
棕鬣狗妈妈只能到其它地方觅食 so their mother has to look elsewhere
可能一去就是数天 and may leave them for several days on end.
棕鬣狗每天可能要跋涉30多公里外出觅食 Brown hyenas may walk over 20 miles a day in search of food.
这里称得上是我们星球上最为恶劣的环境之一 This is some of the most hostile country on the planet.
这里的温度可高达50摄氏度 Temperatures reach a blistering 50 degrees Celsius.
狂风漫天袭来 Strong winds blow incessantly.
纳米布沙漠的棕鬣狗从四面八方来到沙丘与海洋的衔接处 Hyenas from all over the Namib head for where the sand dunes meet the sea.
绵延的沙滩地带 Somewhere along
看似贫瘠荒凉 this seemingly barren stretch of sand,
但有的地方存在大量的食物 there is food in great quantity.
南非海狗 Cape fur seals.
这里生活着大约10000只南非海狗 There are around 10,000 of them here.
成年南非海狗威猛强壮 Adult seals are large and strong.
但南非海狗幼崽却十分无助 But their pups are neither.
南非海狗妈妈严密守护着幼崽 The youngsters are closely guarded by their mothers.
而棕鬣狗很清楚这需要耐心 A hyena, however, knows to be patient.
南非海狗妈妈迟早会不堪酷热 返回海洋中消暑降温 Sooner or later, seal mothers must return to the ocean to cool off.
一只南非海狗幼崽够棕鬣狗及其家人吃上几天时间 A single seal pup could feed a hyena and her family for days.
但是找到食物只是成功了—半 But finding food is only half the battle.
现在必须把食物安全带回 It now has to be carried back.
胡狼早已闻风而至 A jackal is here too...
而且它并非孤身一个 ...and it's not alone.
如果棕鬣狗失去猎物 它就没有食物来喂养自己的幼崽 If a hyena loses her kill, she'll have nothing with which to feed her cubs.
胡狼在海边活动 不会纠缠太远 The jackals won't follow her very far from the coast.
内陆沙漠对它们来说炽热得可怕 It's too hot for them in the desert interior.
棕鬣狗只有长途跋涉到海岸觅食 Only by making these long journeys
才能在纳米布沙漠的中心维持生存 can brown hyenas manage to survive in the middle of the Namib.
但是有些沙漠动物很少出远门 But some desert animals seldom move far.
这里是卡拉哈里沙漠 The Kalahari Desert.
这里的食物非常充足 Here, food is more plentiful...
但都隐藏得很深 ...but it's hidden.
一只穿山甲 A pangolin.
它可以捕获其它动物望尘莫及的猎物 She can collect food that others can't reach.
穿山甲凭借敏锐的嗅觉 A keen sense of smell enables her to detect
能够发现黄沙下面的蚁巢 挖掘蚂蚁和白蚁 the presence of ants and termites in their nests beneath the sand.
它充满黏性的舌头大约有30厘米长 Her sticky tongue, some 30cm long,
能够从地下深处舔食到蚂蚁 enables her to collect them from deep underground.
它的举动在密切监控之下 And she's being carefully watched.
天气越干燥 白蚁的巢穴就越深 The drier it gets, the deeper the termites live.
许多蚁巢深藏地下 就连穿山甲都束手无策 Many are way beyond the reach of even a pangolin.
但是这难不倒土豚 But not of an aardvark.
土豚是世界上体形最大的穴居动物 It's the world's largest burrowing animal.
它的嗅觉异常敏锐 Its sense of smell is extremely acute.
凭借铲子般的爪子和有力的四肢 Shovel-like claws and powerful legs enable it to dig down
它可以挖掘深达五六米的洞穴 to depths of five or six metres.
一只长大成年的土豚每天需要吃掉大约5万只白蚁 A full-grown aardvark needs to eat about 50,000 termites every day.
白蚁富含营养 肥美多汁 Termites are highly nutritious and full of moisture,
而且全年都可以找得到 and they can be collected here year round.
土豚通常在夜间活动 Aardvark are usually nocturnal.
但这只土豚却一反常态 在白天觅食 But the fact that this one is foraging in daylight
说明当地食物十分匮乏 is a sign that food is scarce.
卡拉哈里沙漠近来久旱不雨 结果导致白蚁数量大幅减少 Recent droughts in the Kalahari have led to low termite numbers
而土豚也深受其害 濒临饿死 and, as a consequence, aardvarks here are close to starvation.
全球气候变化正在严重影响非洲许多动物的命运 Changes in the world's climate are affecting many of Africa's animals.
根据预测 到下个世纪 It's predicted that in the next century,
南非的气温会持续升高 幅度会是全球平均升幅的两倍 Southern Africa will warm twice as much as the global average.
对那些无法快速适应变化的动物来说 未来变得希望渺茫 The future will be bleak for those that cannot adapt fast enough.
津巴布韦已经持续六个月没有降雨了 In Zimbabwe, it hasn't rained in six months.
旱季食物匮乏 动物们的觅食行动变得难上加难 During a drought, food becomes harder and harder to find.
微白相思树的荚果中富含蛋白质 Apple-ring acacias produce pods that are full of protein...
但它们大都挂在高高的枝头 ...but mostly on their higher branches.
荚果距离地面大约有6米 动物们只能望洋兴叹 Six metres up, they're out of reach
即便是非洲最大型的动物们 even for the continent's largest animals.
这头成年公象每天需要进食大约90公斤的植被来满足生存所需 This bull elephant needs to eat about 90kg of vegetation every day.
它发展出一套独特的生存方法 He's worked out a remarkable way of surviving
来度过食物匮乏的艰难时期 in these lean times.
但是这需要消耗巨大的体力 But it requires great physical strength.
能掌握这项非凡技巧的公象 其实寥寥无几 Only a handful of bulls have mastered the skill.
这头公象体重超过5吨 He weighs over five tonnes.
如此非凡的尝试显然具有重要意义 This is a truly monumental effort.
它身边的动物也受益匪浅 Those around him benefit too.
非洲象借助自己的聪明才智努力度过当地千年一遇的 Elephants have used their great intelligence to help them survive
干旱艰难时刻 Africa's driest times for millennia.
但是今天 它们面临一个更大的威胁 But today, they face an even greater threat.
据说 过去曾有多达2000万头大象在非洲大陆上自由生活 It's thought that as many as 20 million elephants once roamed the continent,
后来许多因为象牙遭到残忍杀害 but many have been killed for their tusks...
象牙以往完全是被用于装饰用途 ...their ivory used for entirely ornamental purposes.
如今非洲只剩下大约35万头大象 Now just 350,000 elephants remain.
这些被没收的象牙让人触目惊心 These stockpiles of confiscated tusks
它们是非洲大陆短短一年 represent half of the elephants killed on the continent
遇害大象数量的一半 in just one year.
但是在非洲所有现存的野生动物中 But of all of Africa's remaining wildlife,
受到偷猎影响最大的就是犀牛 it is the rhinoceros that has been most affected by poaching.
在远东地区 犀牛角经常被用于制作传统药物 In the Far East, its horn is used as traditional medicine.
非洲所有的犀牛都面临威胁 All of Africa's rhinos are now under threat...
但是对一个犀牛亚种来说 所有的努力或许都为时已晚 ...but for one subspecies, it's likely to be already too late.
北白犀现在濒临灭绝 The northern white rhinoceros is facing extinction.
科学家们正积极寻求解决方案 Scientists are working on a solution,
但没有雄性北白犀 自然繁殖毫无可能 but no male now survives, so natural breeding is impossible.
这两头雌性是仅存的北白犀了 These two females are the last of their kind.
当它们死去之后 When they die,
这个在地球上繁衍生息了数百万年的亚种 an entire subspecies that inhabited the Earth for millions of years
也将永远消失 will have disappeared forever.
在整个非洲大地 Right across Africa,
人类活动对所有野生动物产生了毁灭性影响 human beings are having a devastating impact on all wildlife.
猎豹的种群数量 Cheetah numbers are decreasing
在逐年减少 year on year.
如今 非洲大陆只剩下不到8000只猎豹 Today, there are fewer than 8,000 left on the continent.
人们猎杀穿山甲 将其鳞片用于制作传统药物 The global demand for pangolin scales for use in traditional medicine
结果导致它们现在成为了地球上非法走私最多的动物 has now made them the most trafficked animal on the planet.
西非黑猩猩因为栖息地大量减少 处境岌岌可危 And western chimpanzees are so threatened by the loss of their habitat
现在已经被列入极度濒危物种 that they are now critically endangered.
在这只雌性的生命中 In this female's lifetime,
科特迪瓦有四分之三的森林遭到砍伐 three-quarters of the forest in the Ivory Coast
用于种植农作物 has been felled for plantations.
砍伐森林并不是非洲的特有现象 Deforestation - and not only in Africa -
仍旧在大规模发生 continues on an enormous scale.
如今 每年有2600万公顷的森林遭到砍伐 64 million acres of forest are destroyed every year
用于发展农业和工业 to make way for agriculture and industry.
这意味着每秒钟就有 An area of forest the size of a football field
相当于一个足球场大小的森林消失 is disappearing every second.
气候变化正在改变全球天气模式 Climate change is affecting global weather patterns.
降雨变得愈发难以预测 Rainfall is increasingly unpredictable.
全球变暖势不可挡 平均气温一路飙升 Average temperatures are soaring all over the globe.
极端天气现象频频出现 七大洲的所有野生动物 Extreme weather is now affecting wildlife
都受到严重影响 on all seven of the planet's continents.
如今 许多科学家声称我们正处于物种大灭绝的开始 Today, scientists tell us that we are at the start of a mass extinction,
这一切都要归结于人类活动 and one that is being caused by human activity.
超过100万个物种可能从地球上永久消失 Over a million species could be wiped out,
有些可能就发生在未来几十年内 many within the next few decades.
可是在人类帮助下 哪怕是最脆弱的野生动物也开始渐渐恢复 But with help, even the most vulnerable wildlife populations can still recover.
在非洲的维龙加国家公园 In Africa's Virunga National Park,
一项针对山地大猩猩的强化保护计划 an intensive conservation programme for the mountain gorilla
使该物种的种群数量自有记载以来首次突破了l000只 has raised their numbers above 1,000 for the first time since records began.
在南极洲 And in Antarctica,
国际捕鲸禁令的颁布 意味着这些受到保护的庞然大物 the international ban on whaling has meant that the great whales
开始重返南极海域 数量之多堪称百年难遇 have returned to the Southern Ocean in numbers not seen for a century.
所以我们只要下定决心 So we can improve things...
就可以力挽狂澜 改写这些野生动物的命运 ...if we determine to do so.
现在正值一个关键时刻 This is a crucial moment in time.
我们现在所做的决定 The decisions we take now
将会影响所有动物的未来 包括我们人类 will influence the future of animals, humanity,
准确说是所有的地球生命 and indeed all life on Earth.